Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) begins in the squamous cells, which are located in the top layer of the skin (the epidermis). They are flat cells that shed continuously as new ones form. Squamous cell carcinoma occurs when the skin experiences prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Over time this UV damage can lead to mutations in the skin cells, causing them to grow uncontrollably. 

Early identification of SCC is critical for effective treatment and prevention of spread. Signs can vary, but SCC may appear as:

• A scaly red patch that may crust or bleed

• A raised growth or lump, often with a central depression

• An open sore that doesn’t heal or that reopens after healing

• A wart-like growth

• A rough or thickened area of skin, especially on sun-exposed sites

SCCs look different on everyone. If you see something new, changing or unusual on your skin, schedule an appointment with your dermatologist.

• Chronic unprotected exposure to UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds

• Weakened immune system due to illness or certain medications

• Previous history of skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma

• Age over 50

• Fair skin, light hair, or light eyes

• Gender – men are more likely to develop SCC

• History of HPV infection

To diagnose SCC, your doctor will perform a physical examination. If a skin lesion looks suspicious for SCC a biopsy will likely be performed where a small piece of tissue is examined under a microscope for cancer cells. 

Treatment depends on the tumor’s size, location, depth, and whether it has spread:​

• Excisional surgery

• Mohs micrographic surgery

• Cryotherapy

• Electrodessication and curettage (ED&C)

• Radiation

• Photodynamic therapy (PDT)

• Topical treatments (i.e. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or imiquimod

You can lower your risk of SCC with daily, proactive habits:

• Use broad spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30+ everyday, even on cloudy days

• Reapply every two hours when outdoors or after sweating/swimming

• Wear protective clothing: Long sleeves, hats, sunglasses

• Avoid tanning beds

• Limit sun exposure between 10 AM and 4 PM

• Check your skin monthly for new or changing spots

• See a dermatologist annually for a full-body skin exam